Noesis

The Journal of the Mega Society

August 2004 Issue 172

Officers

Editor and Publisher: Ron Yannone

189 Ash Street #2

Nashua, NH 03060

Administrator: Jeff Ward

13155 Wimberly Square

San Diego, CA 92128

Internet Officer: Kevin Langdon

P.O. Box 795

Berkeley, CA 94701

Founder: Ronald K. Hoeflin

P.O. Box 539

New York, NY 10101

no·e·sis – Greek Þ understanding – to perceive. Psychology Þ the cognitive process

The Mega Society was founded in 1982 and has been documented in the GUINNESS BOOK OF WORLD RECORDS during the 1980s as the most exclusive society. Mega means million and denotes the one-in-a-million status of its members. Presently, the only viable adult-level admissions test is the Titan Test, developed by its founder, Ron Hoeflin – where 43/48 correct answers corresponds to the minimum accepted IQ level of 176. See www.megasociety.org Since its GUINNESS “distinction” in the 1980’s, the Mega Society with its 99.9999 percentile member status, remains “the most elite ultra-high IQ Society.”

Editorial Introduction to NOESIS Issue #172 – August 2004

Welcome to Noesis issue #172, August! There is a wide variety in this issue.

The Brown Journal of World Affairs (summer/fall-2004) presented four articles by experienced persons in the area of espionage – in a section titled The Future of Espionage. We begin this Noesis issue with the up-to-date article presented by the author of one of these articles, Rand Lewis, Director – Martin Peace Institute – titled Espionage and the War on Terrorism: Investigating U.S. Efforts. One key issue raised is the U.S. loss of a strong HUMINT (human intelligence) posture over the decade preceding the 9/11 event – and the role the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) played/plays in the 9/11 event, Iraq war concerns, and the future of espionage.

Exciting excerpts from two of the other three articles in The Brown Journal of World Affairs section titled The Future of Espionage captures insights by Arthur S. Hulnick and Oleg Kalugin. Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick is a veteran of thirty-five years in the intelligence field, including twenty-eight years in the CIA and Oleg Kalugin is a retired Major General of the Soviet KGB. Oleg presents an after-the-fact strategy that may have prevented the 9/11 event that is very insightful.

No issue of Noesis would be complete without some mental stimulation – and this issue is rich in a variety of mind puzzles – for young and old alike. The next article Let’s Get ‘Series’-ous! covers infinite series where the reader has to tally the ‘sum’ or ‘product’ of the infinite series presented. At the end of the posed series problems, we present a table that captures a handful of the upcoming German-American Oktoberfest events. These are presented in the new August/September 2004 issue of German Life magazine. The city, date, event, phone number, and in most cases the URL, are provided for each event.

At the end of the solutions to the infinite series problems, we interject another set of mental challenges - “Number Crunchers” by David J. Bodycombe. David as authored many highly acclaimed puzzle books, and writes over 1000 puzzles a year for columns in periodicals such as the Big Issue, Metro and Ireland on Sunday. David now runs Labyrinth Games, a games design consultancy, from his base in London – www.labyrinthgames.com David’s problems are sprinkled throughout this issue of Noesis.

In Stephen Spignesi’s book “What’s Your Red, White & Blue IQ?” he shares different American holiday facts. In this article, we cover the upcoming “Labor Day” holiday with the Labor Day Quiz.

The next sections are real “motivators.” – They present well-known products and their uncanny development which will amaze readers and motivate and encourage them to consider pioneering new business areas. The first ‘product’ is Good & Plenty candy, covered in the Good & Plenty Theme Song – Quiz.

Continuing with Joey Green, we present a second product we are all familiar with, Who was the Baby Ruth Candy Bar Named After?

Laura Bush – First Lady to the President of the United States goes “public” with the release of her famous recipe everyone will want to try - Laura Bush’s Oatmeal-Chocolate Chunk Cookies.

We switch back to Joey Green a third time – with a terrific motivator - Cracker Jack Candy History and Stunning Facts.

Several readers inquired about possible articles on ways to improve their lives. With this, we introduce our readers to the article titled A “NEW START” in Life by Weimar Institute’s NEWSTART^Ò Lifestyle Program.

We next go to the puzzle archives of Mega Society member, Bill Corley – where we present Bill’s Dirty Dozen 2002 set.

We next hop tracks into another puzzle set, “Mensa Brain Bafflers,” by Philip J. Carter & Ken A. Russell – two famous Mensa puzzle book authors.

Along the lines of ways to improve our reader’s lives and their appreciation for the quotes that appear in Noesis, we present “Thoughts on Being Happy” by History & Heraldry, Ltd of London. Here, 40 to-the-point anecdotes uplift and get you thinking – and hopefully help you become a happier person. “Every second of every day somewhere in the world an H & H product is sold …” History & Heraldry has distributors in over 50 countries worldwide.

From the Yale Law School July/August 2004 issue of “Legal Affairs” magazine, we bring you a lengthy feature titled “Want Your Kid To Disappear?” by Nadya Labi.

Back to health again, we present some ideas to extend your life – “Anti-Aging Foods” by the scientists at the USDA. They have developed a rating scale that measures the antioxidant content of various plant foods. The scale is called ORAC, which stands for Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity.

Experts in voting technology from the California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology say that four relatively simple and inexpensive steps can be taken to ensure that voting procedures in this fall's presidential election are as accurate and reliable as possible. Here we present their article “Caltech and MIT Propose Measures to Ensure Accuracy, Accessibility in Presidential Election.”

Edward Lewis, winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking studies of how genes regulate the development of specific regions of the body, died Wednesday, July 21, 2004, at Huntington Hospital in Pasadena after a long battle with cancer. He was 86. We share the commemorative article “Caltech Nobel Laureate Ed Lewis Dies” by Jill Perry Caltech Media Relations.

Many readers know of gifted children and would like to see them engage in high-tech careers after graduating from college. We share three top colleges – and some of the credentials of their incoming freshman – in the article titled “Yale, Caltech, and MIT”.

Next, based on a request by the editor for articles on reader’s opinions on the Martha Stewart case, the editor presents the article “Martha Stewart – The ‘Ripple Effect’.”

Next we present a 1-liner (“Aphorism”) and brief biography by Mega Society member Richard May.

A few more puzzles are shared by the editor – “On the Light Side.”

Dr. Ronald K. Hoeflin, founder and editor Emeritus of the Mega Society, sent (by Pony Express) information on two of his hi-IQ societies – “New Websites for TOPS & OATHS.”

The next article is “Good Genes Count, but not only Factor in High IQ” by Sharon Begley of The Wall Street Journal.

We close this kaleidoscopic issue with the National Security Agency (NSA) job ad – as the NSA would be a terrific “Puzzle Palace” for some of our hi-IQ readers!

NOESIS Journal – August 2004 – Issue #172

CONTENTS
#	TITLE	AUTHOR	PAGE
1	Espionage and the War on Terrorism: Investigating U.S. Efforts	Rand Lewis	5
2	The “Human Element” in the Future of Espionage	Hulnick & Kalugin	10
3	Let’s Get ‘Series’-ous!	Editor	13
4	German Life Magazine – August/September 2004 – Oktoberfest Dates	Editor	14
5	Let’s Get ‘Series’-ous! – Tentative Answers	Editor	15
6	Number Crunchers	David J. Bodycombe	16
7	Labor Day Quiz	Stephen J. Spignesi	17
8	Number Crunchers – cont’d	David J. Bodycombe	18
9	Good & Plenty Theme Song – Quiz	Joey Green	19
10	Who was the Baby Ruth Candy Bar Named After?	Joey Green	20
11	Laura Bush’s Oatmeal-Chocolate Chunk Cookies	Laura Bush	21
12	Labor Day Quiz - Answers	Stephen J. Spignesi	22
13	Good & Plenty Theme Song – Quiz Answers	Joey Green	22
14	Cracker Jack Candy History and Stunning Facts	Joey Green	23
15	A “NEW START” in Life	Weimar Institute	24
16	Dirty Dozen 2002 Set	Bill Corley	27
17	Mensa Brain Bafflers	Carter & Russell	30
18	Thoughts on Being Happy	History & Heraldry	31
19	Dirty Dozen 2002 Set	Bill Corley	36
20	Want Your Kid To Disappear?	Nadya Labi	38
21	Anti-Aging Foods	USDA	48
22	Caltech and MIT Propose Measures to Ensure Accuracy, Accessibility in Presidential Election	Perry & Richards	49
23	Mensa Brain Bafflers – cont’d	Carter & Russell	50
24	Caltech Nobel Laureate Ed Lewis Dies	Jill Perry	51
25	Yale, Caltech, and MIT	Editor	53
26	Martha Stewart – The “Ripple Effect”	Editor	54
27	Aphorism	Richard May	57
28	Mensa Brain Bafflers – cont’d	Carter & Russell	57
29	On the Light Side – Puzzles	Editor	58
30	New Websites for TOPS & OATHS	Dr. Ron Hoeflin	59
31	Good Genes Count, but not only Factor in High IQ	Sharon Begley	60
32	Solutions to Editor, Bodycombe, & Carter/Russell Puzzles	Ron/Dave/Phil/Ken	62
33	National Security Agency To Hire 1,500 People by September 2004	NSA	64

Espionage and the War on Terrorism:

Investigating U.S. Efforts

by Rand Lewis, Director – Martin Peace Institute

Published in The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. XI, Summer/Fall 2004, pp. 175-182

In the months since the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington D.C. a great deal of discussion has occurred concerning the possibility of an intelligence failure. Many have argued that the inability of the United States authorities to interdict the terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington D.C. was a failure of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) intelligence systems. Some specialists and academics have, over the past two years, argued that the failure was directly the result of the Central Intelligence Agency’s lack of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) capabilities. The issue of HUMINT as an effective means of countering terrorist attacks is now a key element in the effort to protect the United States homeland.

Basic to the question of whether or not the intelligence community, particularly the CIA and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was culpable in not providing sufficient warning is the issue of information availability. Was information available to provide a reasonable analysis that would define the perpetuators and time of the attack? Were the CIA and FBI negligent in not providing important data to one another, which could have precluded an attack? These questions relate directly to the capabilities and bureaucratic infrastructures of the intelligence community.

Within the intelligence community there are a number of methods used to collect information. The most common in today’s high tech environment include signal intelligence (SIGINT), image intelligence (IMINT), measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), open-source intelligence (OSINT), and human intelligence (HUMINT). Of these, SIGINT provides the majority of raw intelligence data and is primarily the responsibility of the National Security Agency (NSA). This involves the collection, processing, and reporting of information derived from signal intercepts.

The oldest form of intelligence gathering is HUMINT. Information using this method comes from human sources and the public often views this type of intelligence gathering as specifically associated with clandestine activities. In reality, most HUMINT is gathered through overt means, such as diplomats and military attaches. The majority of this information is collected through the efforts of the CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). Over the past thirty-six years HUMINT, as a primary method of intelligence gathering, has undergone some profound changes. Most of these have been associated with the changing leadership at CIA, the public perceptions of intelligence abuse, and more recently, major changes in global relationships tied to the end of the Cold War and the growing issue of international terrorism and regional conflict. Much of the blame for intelligence shortfalls associated with the 9/11 attacks has been placed on the CIA. This may be an unfair assumption.

The CIA was established as part of the National Security Act of 1947. This act defined the duties of the CIA in terms of an agency responsible for the intelligence gathering related to national security. Most specialists interpret this as relating to foreign intelligence. Although this type of intelligence appears to be associated with information gathered outside of the United States, there have been instances where the Executive Branch has interpreted this authority to include foreign influences on domestic groups, which entailed data gathering within the U.S. boundaries. Many debates occurred in Congress as the legislation was being written, particularly dealing with the CIA’s overall mission and whether it included obtaining intelligence both abroad and within the United States. This discussion continued during the ensuing years and was instrumental in the evolution of the CIA roles and missions and would be major issue in the mid 1970s with the Church Committee, a U.S. Senate committee investigating the perceived excesses of the CIA in the shadowy world of clandestine activities. Many have argued that the CIA is primarily a strategic intelligence service. This means that they are most effective as a clandestine service when they are involved in finding answers to intelligence questions that tend to require a view of the “big picture” and are long range.[1] On the other hand, the CIA’s role in tactical intelligence has often been criticized, particularly by the military services, which are dependent on obtaining information that is narrow, concrete, and bound by specificity.[2] Ultimately in 1995 the defense department did, in fact, consolidate their HUMINT resources into a single entity, the Defense HUMINT Service (DHS). This, however, did not clarify the CIA’s role in HUMINT. The National Security Act of 1947 assigned the responsibility of Director, Central Intelligence (DCI) to the Head of the CIA. In essence, this authority was potentially far-reaching throughout the intelligence community. The DCI was given considerable budget authority over the entire community and if used, was a very influential tool to wield in ensuring a common effort for information gathering and analysis. Traditionally, however, since the first CIA director, this power has either not been used or only in a limited way. In fact, the head of the CIA has often demurred from accepting the overall responsibility associated with the envisioned DCI position.

The disconnect associated with the CIA’s disinterest in taking the intelligence community lead has been instrumental in the evolution of the United States capabilities. Much of this can be attributed to the historical views of the American public, mass media, and Congress when it comes to intelligence, particularly that associated with spying and clandestine activities. Between 1962 and 1970, during the Vietnam conflict and the height of the Cold War, clandestine operations played a key role in the CIA’s program. The budget for clandestine operations averaged fifty-two percent of the annual CIA budget and fifty-five percent of the full-time employees.[3]

William Colby, CIA Director from 1972 to 1975 began to shift the emphasis from clandestine service covert operations to a stronger commitment for technologically obtained information. This was driven by the increasing concerns for the quality of information obtained from HUMINT and the increasingly difficult management of resources, especially the budget, which was decreased for HUMINT for many years. Even with this shift in emphasis, by 1975 the clandestine service was still thirty-seven percent of the total CIA budget.[4]

The 1970s were difficult years for U.S. intelligence and particularly the CIA. As the United States involvement in the Vietnam conflict was winding down, there were a number of concerns within Congress over the roles played by the CIA. There were issues associated with the secret war in Laos, the Phoenix Program, the Army “spying” on U.S. citizens, the “destabilization” efforts in Chile, and the CIA’s domestic intelligence authority. These all culminated in a congressional investigation, often referred to as the Church Committee, after Frank Church, the senator from Idaho, and a sharp critic of these intelligence practices. Some have argued that this was an essential evaluation of the U.S. intelligence services and that it clarified their roles. Others, including subsequent CIA directors, suggested that this committee was instrumental in decreasing the effectiveness of the U.S. intelligence capabilities. The committee’s position was that Congress, which held the financial and legislative powers, had constitutional authority to regulate the conduct of the U.S. foreign intelligence activities. Although the Church Committee report had no legal authority, it did provide a public accounting of questionable CIA activities around the world.

After the Church Committee report was issued the CIA, led by Admiral Stansfield Turner (1977-1981), began to shift their emphasis. The agency no longer was enamored with clandestine operations. Science and technology became far more prevalent in the effort to gather information. Clandestine activities decreased as many positions were left vacant. Turner argued that these positions were no longer needed due to the quality and availability of technology.

This change from HUMINT oriented activities to a more technological approach through SIGINT fueled the criticism immediately following 9/11. A number of commentators, pundits, and national security specialists argued that there was a degradation of CIA human intelligence capabilities over the past few years. John C. Gannon, Chairman of the National Intelligence Council, in remarks made at the Hoover Institution Conference on November 16, 1998, admitted that there had been a decline in HUMINT, but was clear that efforts were in place to rebuild this important clandestine capability. George Schultz, Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan, in the same meeting supported these views and also clarified the moral difficulties of dealing with “people who are not admirable.”[5]

Schultz’s comments about having to deal with unsavory characters in the world of covert HUMINT reflect an attitude resulting from an incident that came to the public’s attention in the mid-1990s. An agent recruited in Guatemala was implicated in the deaths of Americans.[6] The then-director of CIA, John Deutch, developed new guidelines that required approval for recruiting agents with unsavory backgrounds. This, of course, led to another controversy. Some saw this as a new policy, which restricted the quantity and quality of recruited agents. Others argued that this policy was not really restrictive, but ensured some quality control. The evidence since 1995 suggests that there has been some influence on recruiting. This is most likely associated with the fact that there is a perception among some CIA officers that their evaluations and promotions are affected since historically these elements were based on the numbers of agents recruited. Since September 11, 2001, this policy has been significantly loosened.

Thus over the past few years HUMINT has been at the center of a number of issues related to the CIA’s efforts to obtain and analyze effective intelligence. It is essential to evaluate how effective HUMINT is in today’s environment where threats are more apt to come from international terrorism and regional conflicts. There are a number of reasons that HUMINT is valuable as a means of obtaining information. It can provide an idea of the political, military, and economic processes of both states and non-states, particularly those, which are clandestine or closed. Hopefully an agent can obtain reasonably accurate assessments of the leader’s intentions and potential actions, as well as potentially having access to sensitive plans and documents.

On the other hand, there are severe limitations of HUMINT in the effort against terrorism. The most difficult issue that hinders effective use of HUMINT against terrorist groups is the ability to penetrate the cell structure. Modern terrorist organizations tend to organize around cells, which are compartmental units that make it extremely difficult to infiltrate. In addition, the compartmentalization decreases the ability to obtain tactical intelligence that can provide the whole picture of a potential attack. The only way to effectively counter this cell structure is to recruit in a number of cells, hopefully providing sufficient information to develop a reasonably viable view of the plan. This, of course, is extremely difficult and requires a great deal of resources in man-hours and funds, as well as providing a far more dangerous scenario for case officers. Another less desirable way to attempt to disrupt the cell structure is to try and disperse the cells, making it difficult to communicate and coordinate efforts in columns, therefore confusing the planning and execution. This hopefully decreases the organization’s capabilities to mount major attacks. This is somewhat easier than trying to penetrate the cells, but is not as effective. The cell structure also makes it extremely difficult to develop a clear and concise determination of the credibility of information that is obtained. One of the key methods used by terrorist groups is to provide misinformation. In the case of tactical intelligence, it is necessary to quickly obtain information and get it to the appropriate authorities as soon as possible. This provides the opportunity for a group to feed misinformation to case officers, making the credibility of the source questionable and causing the responding officials to react to the information before it can be effectively vetted.

These weaknesses of HUMINT to effectively counter terrorist activities are directly related to the decisions of intelligence leaders to consider alternative sources. In the late 1970s, CIA director William Colby began to place more emphasis on technological collection as a means to decrease the importance of "disinformation."[7] However, technology does not provide all of the tactical intelligence data needed for the "War on Terrorism." SIGINT was very effective in the Cold War scenario, but is hampered in the new world of international terrorism. The ability to observe the operations of cells greatly reduced the effectiveness of satellite imagery. Communications intercepts were effective only as long as the terrorist groups were unaware that their signals were being intercepted. Once this method was compromised, the terrorists have developed other means of communicating. Modern technology can be used by both the counter and anti-terrorist groups as well as the terrorists themselves. Terrorist organizations have become far more sophisticated and are often capable of acquiring technology that is as effective as that used by the counter terrorism groups. In addition, the international terrorists are adept at mitigating the technology used against them by changing their procedures or movements.

HUMINT therefore remains an important element of intelligence gathering. It is essential that intelligence services maintain a physical presence in the regions that tend to provide access or safe-havens to terrorist organizations. In addition, third party services are an important source of information, although must be evaluated carefully due to inherent biases associated with these types of sources. Iraq is a good example of the importance of physical presence as well as the problems associated with third party intelligence. Between 1991 and 2003, the United States had no primary presence in Iraq that could verify or clarify the activities of Saddam Hussein or terrorist groups. In addition, even the British were unable to provide information. The only major source of information came from the United Nations' inspection teams that were evaluating compliance of the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) requirement resulting from the first Persian Gulf war. This resource was lost with the ejection of the U.N. inspection teams from Iraq. This left the third parties, which included political exiles, disenfranchised Iraqis, and scientists who tended to provide biased views based on self-interests, as the principle sources of information. There was, of course, no real verification and therefore the information was often exaggerated. This led to a number of assumptions that have plagued the Bush administration since the end of the spring 2003 offensive in Iraq. Those assumptions were part of the basis for the decision to attack Iraq. A few of the more striking assumptions included the idea that Saddam’s forces would at least present some formidable resistance, therefore developing a longer timetable for the war. Another assumption was that the final result of the war would be an Iraqi surrender and the laying down of arms. This, of course, did not occur and most of the Iraqi security forces and Revolutionary Guard just left the battlefield and took their weapons with them. The third, and one of the most dangerous assumptions was that post-war Iraq would provide a reasonably secure area where the allies could readily rebuild infrastructure and government systems. This, of course, proved to be a major flaw in the planning as the evolution of a guerilla war became the day-to-day activity in many parts of Iraq. These assumptions were predominately the result of poor HUMINT prior to March 2003. Depending on third party sources, the United States military and CIA were hindered in developing plans based on multiple scenarios and therefore became engulfed in confrontation without a good exit strategy.

In summary, the “War on Terrorism” is a new kind of conflict for the United States. September 11, 2001 brought the United States into the world of international terrorism as the homeland was attacked. The traditional ways of gathering information and analyzing the data to respond to threats became far less effective. Although HUMINT has numerous shortfalls, it still remains one of the most valuable ways of dealing with terrorist organizations. The United States must overcome its inherent dislike for clandestine operations and provide sufficient funding and authority to actively pursue more effective and reliable means of HUMINT collection. The world of international terrorism does not project a black and white image. The counter-terrorism efforts require viewing the responses in shades of gray, where intelligence resources must work together to piece the puzzle of potential attacks together to best respond and hopefully thwart, or at least mitigate the efforts of terrorist groups.

Selected Bibliography

for Rand Lewis’ article - Espionage and the War on Terrorism: Investigating U.S. Efforts

1. Bay, Austin. "In the Absence of HUMINT." The Washington Times (August 1, 2003).

2. Beal, Clifford, Editor. "Chronic Underfunding of U.S. HUMINT Plays Role in Intelligence Failures." Jane's Defense Weekly (September 11, 2001).

3. Carroll, Thomas Patrick. "The CIA and the War on Terrorism." Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 9 (September 2002).

4. Chisholm, Patrick. "Bring Back Human Intelligence." Christian Science Monitor Online (June 27, 2002).

5. Corn, David. "Did We Handcuff the CIA?" http://slate.msn.com (September 18, 2001).

6. Dishman, Chris. "Looking to Future, CIA Should Focus on Human Intelligence." Christian Science Monitor (August 6, 1997).

7. Duckworth, Barbara A. "The Defense HUMINT Service: Preparing for the 21^st Century." Defense Intelligence Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Spring 1997), pp. 7-13.

8. Fischbach, Jono. "With A Little Bit of Heart and Soul Analyzing the Role of HUMINT In the Post Cold War Era." Paper presented at the Woodrow Wilson School Policy Conference 401a (January 6, 1997).

9. Galland, David J. "HUMINT Intelligence is Critical to Counter Terrorism." Pravda (December 15, 2001.

10. Gannon, John. "Question and Answer Session." Hoover Institution Conference on Biological and Chemical Weapons (BCW), http://www_hoover.standford.edu (November 16, 1998.

11. Human Rights Watch. "U.S. Policy on Assassinations, CIA." http://www.hrw.org (September 20, 2001.

12. Macko, Steve. "HUMINT Still Most Important When Thwarting Terrorists." ENN Daily Report, Vol. 2, No. 289 (October 15, 1996).

13. Pryce-Jones, David. "Golden Days of the Black Arts." National Review (January 26, 2004).

14. Quirk, John Patrick et al. The Central Intelligence Agency. Foreign Intelligence Press: Guilford, CT, 1986.

15. Stanton, John. "U.S. Intelligence Community Reaches Crossroads." National Defense (December 2001).

16. Treverton, Gregory F. "Intelligence--A Funhouse of Reflections." San Francisco Chronicle, Op Ed (February 15, 2004).

17. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. "IC21: Intelligence Community in the 21^st Century." Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.

18. Wise, David. "Spy Game: Changing the Rules so the Good Guys Win." New York Times (June 2, 2002).

19. Wolf, Paul. "CIA Powers and 1975 Church Committee." http://slate.msn.com (September 22, 2001).

20. Zyker, Benjamin. Paper presented: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy (September 13, 2001).

The “Human Element” in the Future of Espionage

by Arthur S. Hulnick and Oleg Kalugin

Technology has advanced so rapidly that one begins to question the ability of United States officials to rely totally upon it in the world of espionage.

In summer/fall 2004 issue of The Brown Journal of World Affairs, four thought-provoking articles were presented on the Future of Espionage. The second article was kindly contributed by Rand Lewis – and was used as our opening article in this issue of Noesis. The four article titles are summarized in Table 1 below. Short biographies of the remaining three authors are captured in Table 2.

Table 1 – Espionage Articles in The Brown Journal of World Affairs
#	Title	Author	Pages
1	Espionage: Does it Have A Future In The 21^st Century?	Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick	165-173
2	Espionage and the War on Terrorism: Investigating U.S. Efforts	Rand C. Lewis	175-182
3	Terrorism and Human Intelligence: The Soviet Experience	Oleg Kalugin	183-188
4	Thinking About Intelligence Comparatively	Dr. Kevin M. O’Connell	189-199

Table 2 – Biographies of the Authors

Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick – is a veteran of thirty-five years in the intelligence field, including twenty-eight years in the CIA. He is currently Associate Professor of International Relations at Boston University, where he teaches several courses on strategic and business intelligence. Dr. Hulnick is the author of Fixing the Spy Machine (Praeger, 1999) and a forthcoming book on homeland security entitled Keeping Us Safe (Praeger).

Oleg Kalugin – is a retired Major General of the Soviet KGB. A former Fulbright Scholar, he is the author of The First Chief Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West. He is currently a Professor at the Center for Counterintelligence and Security Studies.

Dr. Kevin M. O’Connell – is the Director of RAND’s Intelligence Policy, National Security Research Division. Dr. O’Connell is also an adjunct Professor at Georgetown University. Dr. O’Connell was also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community management staff and the National Security Council staff.

Having read through all four articles, I present selected excerpts from two (Hulnick and Kalugin) of the other three articles to provide a more rounded view of the issue of the future of espionage.

Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick - “Some commentators seemed to think that all the CIA had to do was drop a handful of officers into Iraq and that they could somehow discover the reality of the situation. This assumption shows how little they understood about espionage. Espionage is a dangerous, slow, painstaking process that often yields information of questionable reliability. Yet, when a good source is obtained, the insights that source provides can be better and more useful than intercepted communications or overhead reconnaissance, which are the more commonly used (and very expensive) high-tech methods of spying.” [p.166]

Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick - “Now that the Cold War is over, and veterans of the two sides have been able to meet and compare notes, it seems clear that espionage does not vary all that much from service to service. In the twenty-first century, however, techniques that worked well in the Cold War may not be applicable against the new threat of non-state actors, such as terrorists, organized crime groups, and independent arms merchants.” [p.167]

Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick - “Often, the case officer begins by recruiting a ‘principal agent’ – someone with the right ethnic background and language who fits into the society or group the officers are trying to penetrate. The principal agent can assist in spotting and assessing likely targets. Of course, the relationship between the officer and principal agent has to be kept secret.” [p.168]

Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick - “Once agents are recruited, the case officer has to ensure that the new spies learn how to hide their operations, how to communicate securely, and how to report information they have been directed to steal. This is known in intelligence parlance as ‘tradecraft.’ Sometimes, the case officer will use a ‘safe house,’ usually a secure apartment or office, to meet with the agents, give them requirements, retrieve their reports, or deal with their problems.” [p. 169]

Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick - “Once the agent has proven to be productive, and reports begin to flow back to headquarters, then the utility of the operation has to be evaluated from time to time. The agent who appears at first to be a good reporter may turn out to be passing only low-level tidbits to the case officer, or may be fabricating information to make it appear that he or she is really ‘in the ‘know’ . . . . Clearly, there is nothing glamorous about espionage. It is painstaking and tedious work, it can be dangerous, and it requires assigning good officers to terrible places, where their tenure there has to be limited because of the toll it takes on officer’s health and family.” [p.169]

Dr. Arthur S. Hulnick - “One of the great lessons learned from the recent intelligence crises surrounding 9/11 and the Iraq war is that the U.S. intelligence system needs to move away from Cold War tactics and become more flexible, or ‘more agile’ as intelligence expert Bruce Berkowitz has written. At the same time, operations against closed or ‘rogue’ states may require techniques that have roots in the Cold War experience. In reporting about the failure to find weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, DCI George Tenet made clear that there were real limits to contacting sources that might have told the CIA what it wanted to know. Some of these sources lied to the CIA, just as they did to Saddam Hussein . . . . Going after terrorists or weapons proliferators who do not owe allegiance to any state, but rather only to themselves, may require different techniques. An increasing use of non-official cover for case officers may be useful because case officers no longer have to worry about the host security services. One former CIA officer has suggested that the agency set up small businesses to cover the operations of its officers. It may also be possible to have officers overseas by themselves, now that sophisticated and secure communications have rendered entire support stations unnecessary.” [p.170]

Oleg Kalugin - “A myriad of problems have to be grappled with and resolved before we feel confident that we can effectively address the difficult threat that terrorism poses . . . . Today, the most immediate problem is the need to readdress the effectiveness of our intelligence services, and ensure their readiness to protect the free world from mortal surprises in an age of nuclear proliferation and international terrorism. Napoleon is said to have noted that, ‘one spy in the right place is worth twenty thousand men in the field,’ and this adage is more true today than it was two hundred years ago. Despite the technological prowess, signal and imagery collection capabilities of the United States, there is no substitute for human penetration, and the latter has been woefully neglected over the past decade.” [p.183]

Oleg Kalugin - “Spies do not spring up by a wave of the hand inside the adversary’s backyard. They need to be carefully selected, meticulously vetted, trained, patiently nurtured, and prepared for risky assignments . . . . Intelligence collection, analysis, interpretation, dissemination should serve as a prelude to vigorous intervention into international events fraught with dangers of new terrorist attacks . . . . Time-tested covert actions to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad should become the core of the intelligence community’s response to Muslim extremists wherever they may be. These actions include subversion, sabotage, operational deception, disinformation, and massive sophisticated propaganda efforts to confuse and manipulate the targeted contingents. No country nurturing or harboring terrorists should be exempted from special operations going beyond diplomatic demarches and economic sanctions. Toward this end, human penetration – the recruitment of agents within or the infiltration of agents into vital structures of institutions, groupings and cells of potential adversaries – must be at the center of all intelligence efforts.” [p.183,184]

Oleg Kalugin – Applications of the Soviet Experience – “Like the Soviets, we should make efforts to plan and implement, when necessary, comprehensive scenarios that can win a war without major battles. As a possible scenario for Iraq (alas, too late!) where the allied intelligence services could have played a decisive role, the following program might have been implemented to achieve two objectives: Firstly, to prepare grounds for the downfall of the regime without resorting to an all-out war, or secondly, to facilitate early victory in case the war becomes inevitable . . . . The main thrust of the program would have been a destabilization of the internal situation in the country. The active measures would include the bringing together all patriotic, anti-Hussein Iraqis living abroad by setting up ‘The Coalition of Free Iraq.’ This could be followed by the announcement of the formation of a provisional government-in-exile, which publicly and loudly declares its intention of taking over Iraq in the near future, and boasts of its clandestine cells already operating inside the country. Powerful radio and television broadcasts could simultaneously be beamed at Iraq from neighboring countries that are friendly to the United States, like Turkey or Kuwait. These radio stations would also be described as operating inside the Iraqi territory and representing the provisional government. The massive radio and television anti-Saddam propaganda ought to be accompanied by frequent and regular leaflet drops throughout the country. All government controlled or pro-Saddam television and radio stations should be jammed and bombed, and pro-Saddam internet websites be blocked.” [p.186]

Oleg Kalugin – Applications of the Soviet Experience cont’d – “As part of the opposition offensive, acts of sabotage against the regime targeting government offices, the media, and power and communication lines would further the destabilizing effect. These acts should be accompanied by the organization of guerilla warfare spreading across the country and demoralizing the central government and its supporters. One million dollars and asylum in the United States could be offered to each senior official of the Iraqi government if they choose to defect or join the provisional government. Effective economic and humanitarian aid must be given to liberated areas of Iraq. Lastly, back channel overtures should be made to Iran to work together to create peace and stability in the region.” [p.186]

Oleg Kalugin – “These suggestions may be branded as immoral and an invitation to lawlessness, however, democracies perish when they refuse to resist and adjust to the cruel realities of life. While it is too late for the United States to follow this course of action in Iraq, it and Western Europe would be well advised to prioritize aggressive human intelligence in other aspects of the war against terror . . . . A collaborative approach is also necessary. Only a short while ago, most Europeans believed that the U.S. blew the international implications of 9/11 out of proportion. The recent deadly attack by Islamic terrorists in Spain and threats of more to come elsewhere is bound to change the attitudes of European governments and the public at large . . . . If Europe distances itself from U.S. security efforts by pursuing independent unilateral initiatives, it will be a folly of historic dimensions. Europe has always benefited by standing shoulder to shoulder with the United States.” [p.186,187]

Oleg Kalugin – “. . . without a reliable and aggressive intelligence service working hand in hand with its allies, our civilization may suffer immense and unsustainable losses. We cannot afford to be caught napping again.” [p.187]

Let’s Get ‘Series’-ous!

by Editor

Let’s try to compute the sum (or product) of these series with pencil-and-paper first. If all else fails, one can resort to a hand-calculator, and eventually the use of a computer. But, what’s nice about some of these exercises is you can get a feel for the value as you compute the first set of terms.

German Life Magazine – August/September 2004 – Oktoberfest Dates, etc. see pages 60-61 for many more! ¨ also their individual “ad” pages (1, 26-29) http://www.germanlife.com/index.html
1	Philadelphia, PA – September 4-6: Cannstatter Volkfest’s 132 Annual Harvest Festival. Call 215-332-0121 or visit www.cvv.philly.com
2	Chicago, IL – September 10-12: 84^th German American Fest. Call 630-653-3018 or visit www.germanday.com
3	Covington, KY – September 10-12: MainStrasse Village Oktoberfest. Call 859-491-0458 or visit www.mainstrasse.org
4	Torrance, CA – September 11: Alpine Village Oktoberfest. Call 310-327-4384
5	San Antonio, TX – September 17: Gartenkonzert. German and American culture and heritage entertainment in music, singing, and dancing, plus selling German food, beer, and wine. Call 210-222-1521
6	Rochester, NY – September 17-19 and 24-26: Oktoberfest. Call 585-336-6070 or visit www.irondequoit.org/events/oktober.htm
7	New York, NY – September 18: 47^th Annual German-American Steuben Parade. Call 732-279-0733 or visit www.germanparadenyc.org

Let’s Get ‘Series’-ous! – Tentative Answers

by Editor

Let’s Get ‘Series’-ous! – Tentative Answers (cont’d)

by Editor

Reference used for the above: “Summation of Series,” a collection made by L.B.W. Jolley; 2^nd edition; 1961; Dover Publications, Inc.; ISBN – 0-486-60023-8

“Number Crunchers” – by David J. Bodycombe

“Number Crunchers,” by David J. Bodycombe; Barnes & Noble Books; 2004; ISBN 0-7607-5469-1; David was born in Darlington, England, in 1973. Has authored many highly acclaimed puzzle books, and writes over 1000 puzzles a year for columns in periodicals such as the Big Issue, Metro and Ireland on Sunday. David now runs Labyrinth Games, a games design consultancy, from his base in London – www.labyrinthgames.com

[p.1] Jack and Jill played a competitive game several times, betting one pebble on the outcome each time. Jack won seven pebbles, while Jill won seven times. There were no ties. How many times did they play?

[p.10] Little Jimmy hasn’t brought his calculator to school. How can he find the value of the expression below just using his own brain power?

[p.25] A clock has fallen on the floor, and unfortunately, there is no indication which way ‘up’ the clock should hang. However, both hands are pointing precisely at the minute marks. You can now work out what time it is.

[p.55] Dawn was lunching with her seven friends. Everyone opted for the ₤12 set menu, except for Dawn who spent ₤3.50 more than the (mean) average. How much did Dawn’s lunch cost?

Labor Day Quiz

by Stephen J. Spignesi

In Stephen Spignesi’s book [1] “What’s Your Red, White & Blue IQ?” he shares different holiday facts. In this article, we cover the upcoming “Labor Day” holiday.

Q1 – Who said the following:

“Labor Day differs in every essential way from the other holidays of the year in any country. All other holidays are in a more or less degree connected with conflicts and battles of man’s prowess over man, of strife and discord for greed and power, of glories achieved by one nation over another. Labor Day . . . is devoted to no man, living or dead, to no sect, race, or nation.”

Q2 – When is Labor Day celebrated?

1. The second Monday in October
2. The first Monday in September
3. The second Monday in September
4. The first Monday in October

Q3 – TRUE or FALSE: The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City?

Q4 – What was the name of the organization that proposed the first Labor Day observance?

1. The Southern Labor Union
2. The Eastern Labor Brotherhood
3. The Central Labor Union
4. The Northeast Brotherhood of Machinists

Q5 – In what year was an official day for Labor Day decided upon?

1. 1881
2. 1882
3. 1883
4. 1884

Q6 – What state was the first to propose Labor Day legislation?

1. Oregon
2. New York
3. Pennsylvania
4. New Jersey

Q7 – What state was the first to pass a Labor Day celebration law?

1. Oregon
2. New York
3. Pennsylvania
4. New Jersey

Q8 – TRUE or FALSE: To join the states in celebrating Labor Day, Congress passed a law in 1894 decreeing it a legal U.S. holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.

Q9 – Which of the following are associated with Labor Day celebrations in the United States?

1. Picnics
2. Parades
3. Sales
4. All of the above

Q10 – Which is the Sunday before Labor Day known as?

[1] “What’s Your Red, White & Blue IQ?” by Citadel Press, copyright 2004, ISBN 0-8065-2625-4; USD $12.95; CAN $17.95

“Number Crunchers” – by David J. Bodycombe

“Number Crunchers,” by David J. Bodycombe; Barnes & Noble Books; 2004; ISBN 0-7607-5469-1; David was born in Darlington, England, in 1973. Has authored many highly acclaimed puzzle books, and writes over 1000 puzzles a year for columns in periodicals such as the Big Issue, Metro and Ireland on Sunday. David now runs Labyrinth Games, a games design consultancy, from his base in London – www.labyrinthgames.com

[p.60] A golfer was three shots over par at the end of the first day’s play. His score on the second day was ten shots better than the first. What was his score at the end of the second day?

[p.68] Be warned, you’ll really need to think about this one. The puzzle is to rearrange the symbols in this equation as little as possible so that it is now correct. Do you know the trick?

(11 + 1) x (11 -1) = 51.

[p.81] In Natasha’s secret sweets drawer, all but three bars are licorice, all but three bars are pure chocolate, and all but three bars are pure toffee. How many bars of candy does Natasha have stashed in her drawer?

[p.99] Which positive whole number is equal to triple the sum of its digits? Surprisingly, there is only one possible answer.

[p.100] If you reverse the digits in Deborah’s age, you obtain her grandfather’s age. As it happens, his birthday is tomorrow, when his age will become twice Deborah’s. Find both their ages.

Good & Plenty Theme Song – Quiz

by Joey Green [1, page 67]

As several Mega Society members have turned 50 and 60 years of age this year, alone, I suspect they recall the box candy Good & Plenty.

In 1893, the Quaker City Confectionery Company in Philadelphia introduced Good & Plenty candy, the oldest branded candy still being marketed in the United States. In 1950, the company began running advertisements featuring the cartoon character Choo Choo Charlie, an engineer who fueled his train with Good & Plenty. Television commercials for Good & Plenty featured the Choo Choo Charlie Good & Plenty theme song.

Warner-Lambert acquired Good & Plenty candy in 1973 and sold the operation to Beatrice Foods in 1982. A year later, Huhtamaki Oy of Finland purchased Leaf Brands, the confectionery division of Beatrice Foods, acquiring the Good & Plenty brand. In 1996, Hershey Foods Corporation bought Leaf’s North America confectionery operations, capturing the Good & Plenty brand.

See if you can fill in the missing words to Choo Choo Charlie Good & Plenty Theme Song.

________ upon a time there was an ________,

________ ________ ________ was his name, we ______;

He had an ________ and he sure _______ _______,

He used ________ _ _______ candy to make his _______ run.

Charlie says, “_______ my Good & Plenty!”

Charlie says, “Really ______ my ______!”

Charlie says, “_______ my ________ _ _______!

Don’t know any other ________ that I _______ so well!”

[1] “Joey Green’s Incredible Country Store: Potions, Notions, and Elixirs of the Past and How to Make Them Today,” by Joey Green, Rodale Publisher, ISBN 1-57954-849-0; 2004, USD $14.95; CAN $21.95; paperback; 356 pages.

Who was the Baby Ruth Candy Bar Named After?

by Joey Green [1, page 56]

In 1916 during World War I, Otto Schnering founded the Curtiss Candy Company, using his mother’s Anglo-sounding maiden name for the company rather than his German-sounding surname. For his first product, Schnering introduced Kandy Kake, a confection with a pastry center topped with nuts and coated with chocolate, which met with moderate success. In 1921, Schnering reformulated Kandy Kake as a bar of caramel and peanuts, covered with chocolate. He renamed his confection the Baby Ruth bar, not after baseball legend Babe Ruth as commonly believed, but in honor of “Baby” Ruth Cleveland, the daughter of former President Grover Cleveland, who had been adored by millions. Priced at a nickel while other candy bars sold for a dime, Baby Ruth was the world’s most popular candy by 1926, selling more than five million bars a day.

In 1963, Standard Brands acquired the Curtiss Candy Company, which, in turn, was purchased in 1981 by Nabisco Brands. In 1990, Nestle bought Baby Ruth brand from Nabisco.

STRANGE FACTS:

· In 1904, twelve-year-old Ruth Cleveland died of diphtheria. Seventeen years later, the Curtiss Candy Company produced the first Baby Ruth bar, a year after baseball player Babe Ruth rose to stardom. Skeptics question whether the Curtiss Candy Company capitalized on Babe Ruth’s popularity by simply claiming that its candy bar was named for Ruth Cleveland.

· Otto Schnering advertised extensively in magazines, including The Saturday Evening Post, and Open Roads for Boys, trumpeting the new candy bar with slogans like “The Favorite Candy of Over Fifty Million People!”

· Schnering chartered planes to drop thousands of Baby Ruth bars with tiny parachutes over various cities across forty states.

· In 1937, Admiral Richard Byrd and his team bought thousands of Baby Ruth bars on their expedition to the South Pole.

· When a competing candy company introduced the “Babe Ruth Home Run Bar,” with the full approval of Babe Ruth, the Curtiss Candy Company threatened legal action and forced the Babe Ruth Home Run Bar off the market.

[1] “Joey Green’s Incredible Country Store: Potions, Notions, and Elixirs of the Past and How to Make Them Today,” by Joey Green, Rodale Publisher, ISBN 1-57954-849-0; 2004, USD $14.95; CAN $21.95; paperback; 356 pages.

Laura Bush’s Oatmeal-Chocolate Chunk Cookies

by Laura Bush – First Lady to the President of the United States

Laura’s Recipe – Makes about 8 Dozen Cookies

· 1 ½ C (3 sticks) butter at room temperature

· 1 C sugar

· 1 ½ C light-brown sugar

· 3 eggs

· 1 T vanilla

· 3 C flour

· 1 T baking powder

· 1 t salt

· 2 t cinnamon

· 3 C quick oats (not old-fashioned)

· 2 C chopped walnuts

· 1 ½ packages (8 oz. each) chocolate chunks (3 C)

· 2 C coarsely chopped dried sour cherries

Heat oven to 350 degrees F –

With electric mixer, cream butter and both sugars, beat in eggs one at a time, then beat in vanilla. Add flour, baking powder, salt, cinnamon, and oats; slowly beat until blended. Stir in walnuts, chocolate, and cherries. Drop by tablespoonfuls onto cookie sheet covered with parchment paper. Bake at 350 F for 12 to 15 minutes, until golden brown.

Labor Day Quiz - Answers

by Stephen J. Spignesi

A1 – Samuel Gompers, founder and longtime president of the American Federation of Labor

A2 – a.

A3 – True.

A4 – c.

A5 – d.

A6 – b.

A7 – a.

A8 – True.

A9 – d.

A10 – Labor Sunday

Good & Plenty Theme Song – Quiz Answers

by Joey Green [1, page 67]

Choo Charlie Good & Plenty Theme Song

Once upon a time there was an engineer,

Choo Choo Charlie was his name, we hear;

He had an engine and he sure had fun,

He used Good & Plenty candy to make his train run.

Charlie says, “Love my Good & Plenty!”

Charlie says, “Really rings my bell!”

Charlie says, “Love my Good & Plenty!

Don’t know any other candy that I love so well!”

[1] “Joey Green’s Incredible Country Store: Potions, Notions, and Elixirs of the Past and How to Make Them Today,” by Joey Green, Rodale Publisher, ISBN 1-57954-849-0; 2004, USD $14.95; CAN $21.95; paperback; 356 pages.

Cracker Jack Candy History and Stunning Facts

by Joey Green [1]

In 1872, German immigrant F. W. Rueckheim opened a popcorn stand in Chicago, Illinois. Brisk business soon enabled Rueckheim to send to Germany for his brother, Louis. F. W. Rueckheim & Bro. soon expanded into candy making and, at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, the duo introduced a unique popcorn-and-peanut molasses-coated candy – the forerunner of Cracker Jack caramel-coated popcorn and peanuts. Unfortunately, the original candy kernels, while popular, stuck together in blocks – until 1896, when Louis discovered a secret process to keep them separate. Louis gave the molasses-covered treat to a salesman, who after tasting it, exclaimed “That’s crackerjack!” F.W. Rueckheim embraced the slang word (meaning excellent) and had it trademarked. In 1899, the Rueckheim brothers packaged Cracker Jack in wax-sealed boxes that preserved the candy’s freshness, enabling the brothers to ship their product to stores nationwide.

In 1912, the Rueckheim brothers added “a prize in every box” of Cracker Jack. Over the years, the “toy surprise inside” has included rings, yo-yos, whistles, charms, tops, plastic toys, miniature storybooks, super-hero stick-ons, and tiny tattoos.

In 1964, Borden, Inc., based in Columbus, Ohio, bought Cracker Jack Company. In 1997, Frito-Lay of Dallas, Texas, purchased Cracker Jack from Borden.

STRANGE FACTS:

· The 1902 Sears & Roebuck catalogue included Cracker Jack.

· In 1908, Jack Norworth wrote lyrics to song “Take Me Out to the Ball Game” during a thirty-minute subway ride, immortalizing Cracker Jack brand in the third line, “Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jack.” Albert Von Tilzer, who composed the music to the song, did not see a baseball game until more than twenty years after the song’s release. Norworth witnessed his first baseball game in 1940 when the Brooklyn Dodgers honored him at Ebbets Field.

· In 1918, Sailor Jack and his dog Bingo first appeared on the Cracker Jack box. Sailor Jack was modeled after F. W. Rueckheim’s grandson Robert, who had a dog named Bingo. Robert, who died of pneumonia shortly after the new box appeared, is buried in St. Henry’s cemetery, near Chicago, under a headstone with a depiction of him in his sailor suit.

· In the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Holly Golightly, played by Audrey Hepburn, pays Tiffany’s to engrave initials on a ring from a Cracker Jack box.

· The Cracker Jack Company maintains an archive of all the toys ever put in Cracker Jack boxes and displays some of the best toys at its Chicago headquarters.

· Since 1912, Cracker Jack has given out more than twenty-three billion toys.

· The secret process for keeping the molasses-covered popcorn morsels from sticking together, discovered by Louis Rueckheim in 1896, is still used to produce Cracker Jack and remains a company secret to this very day.

[1] “Joey Green’s Incredible Country Store: Potions, Notions, and Elixirs of the Past and How to Make Then Today,” by Joey Green, Rodale Publisher, ISBN 1-57954-849-0; 2004, USD $14.95; CAN $21.95; paperback; 356 pages.

A “NEW START” in Life

by Weimar Institute’s NEWSTART^Ò Lifestyle Program

http://www.newstart.com/what.html

http://www.weimar.org/

What is NEWSTART^Ò?

Since 1978 nearly 5,000 people from all over the world have benefited from Weimar Institute's NEWSTART^® Lifestyle Program. The goal of the NEWSTART^® team is to help guests restore their health and vitality by combining diet, exercise, stress management, expert medical supervision, and faith in divine guidance.

Men and women suffering from hypertension, angina, obesity, arthritis, high cholesterol, diabetes, allergies, stress and the toll taken on the body through the years, flock to Weimar Institute for a new start on life.

It is in fact this very quest for a new start that gave Weimar Institute's health restoration program its name, NEWSTART^® Lifestyle Program.

What can NEWSTART^Ò do for you?

Hypertension

50% of all Hypertensives successfully get off medication and return to normal blood pressure within three weeks on the NEWSTART^® Lifestyle Program.

Diabetes

80% of those suffering from painful Diabetic Neuropathy report total relief from pain in their feet and hands after 3 weeks in the NEWSTART^® Lifestyle Program.

Arthritis

Many people suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis have found part partial-to-complete relief from pain through the NEWSTART^® Lifestyle Program, which combines a low-fat diet with exercise and stress-control for health restoration.

Those suffering from Osteo-Arthritis have also found relief as joint circulation is improved.

Angina

By improving the circulation and amount of blood oxygen to the heart muscle through lifestyle changes, which include low-fat diet, exercise and stress control, over 50% of those suffering from angina reported complete relief from symptoms after 3 weeks on the NEWSTART^® Lifestyle Program. An additional 26% reported marked improvement.

High Cholesterol

The NEWSTART^® Lifestyle diet has proven to be remarkably effective in combating high cholesterol. NEWSTART^® participants showed as much as a 40% drop in cholesterol by the end of the 19-day residential program.

There are many other conditions that may also improve with the NEWSTART^® Program.

For more information regarding the NEWSTART^® Lifestyle Program, please call 1-800-525-9192.

The NEWSTART^® Acronym

Nutrition - Proper nutrition is the foundation of good health and recovery. Cooking classes, meals, and cookbooks all demonstrate the variety appeal, and satisfaction of whole plant food vegetarian cuisine. In addition physicians explain the issues that link nutrition with health or disease in their lectures.

Exercise - Action is a law of life. Muscle tone and strength are lost without exertion, but exercise improves the health of body, mind, and spirit multiplying vitality and health. Exercise therapy includes outdoor exercise, treadmill evaluations and Stretchercise. The many trails through beautiful surroundings beckon you to walk, walk, walk, but indoor exercise equipment is available.

Water - Because the body is 70% water, keeping well hydrated and knowing what and when to drink are essential to health. Hydrotherapy (water applied externally to the body) followed by massage enhances the circulation and immune system in wonderful ways.

Sunlight - The sun is the established energy source ordained by God to sustain the cycle of life for plants and animals. Abundant in California, sunlight is supremely important for the body's metabolism and hormonal balance.

Temperance - Using good things moderately and avoiding the bad is obviously wise, yet often hard to practice. Temperance can be neither bought nor earned, but is rather an important gift of God, a "fruit of the Spirit" (Galatians 5:22, 23). Moderation in all things is a thread woven throughout the fabric of NEWSTART^® Lifestyle programs.

Air - The body's most essential resource is air. More important than food or water, proper breathing and pure air are fundamental to good health. Fresh, clear mountain air surrounds the beautiful natural environment of Weimar Institute.

Rest - Restoration requires rest because sleep allows the body to renew itself Many types of rest are important for health, but the sweetest rest follows labor. "Early to bed and early to rise'' is a vital NEWSTART^® principle, and a healthy lifestyle makes this principle easier to maintain.

Trust In God - Directly linked to physical health (Proverbs 3:5-6), trust in God is a gift leading to right choices. Choosing what is right in God's sight improves spiritual health which, in turn, imparts blessings to physical and mental health. Individualized counseling, group fellowship, personal devotions, and the chaplain's Freshstart meetings in the morning develop this essential principle.

18-day Lifestyle Program

Experts say it takes three weeks to change a habit. This 18- day standard program leads the way toward healthy habits and reversal of lifestyle- related diseases such as adult-onset diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension . . . the list goes on!

• Eighteen nights lodging
• Educational program teaching the NS lifestyle:

· daily physician lectures

· eleven 1-hour hands-on cooking classes

· evening/weekend group activities

· counseling services available

· exercise evaluation and prescription at start and end

· eight 1-hour therapeutic massage/hydro therapy treatments

Program Fees:

Full Program Participant	$3950 + medical fees
Full Program Companion	$3400 + medical fees
NS Alumni	$2950 + medical fees

Medical Services Include:

· Initial Medical Evaluation - History and Exam

· Comprehensive Blood Chemistry Panel- start and end

· Treadmill exercise test- start and end

· Five physician follow- up appointments

· Allergy testing available for additional fee

Medical Fees: $1035

Medicare, no-HMO $975

NEWSTART^® Session Upcoming Dates & Fees

· September 5 - September 23 (18-day Program)

· September 26 - October 14 (18-day Program)

· October 17 - November 4 (18-day Program)

· November 7 - November 24 (17-day Program)

· November 28 - December 16 (18-day Program)

DIRTY DOZEN PUZZLES

copyright © 2002 by H.W. Corley

1. Dr. Frank N. Stein of the CSE faculty is teaching a course in fuzzy logic this semester. The eminent AI guru is notorious for his difficult tests, so the students have begged him repeatedly for a multiple choice quiz. Finally, with a devious smile, he agrees. On the next test, he asks the first question in Swahili, which no one can read. However, the following answer choices are in English.

(a) All of the below

(b) None of the below

(c) All of the above

(d) One of the above

(e) None of the above

(f) None of the above

Select the correct answer and submit only the corresponding letter.

2. A bored ME named Jason sits in his TTh 11:00 a.m. – 12:20 p.m. class checking his watch, which is not digital. As he waits impatiently for class to end, Jason formulates the following problem. From exactly noon, how long will it take the minute hand and the hour hand of his watch to be precisely 90 degrees apart for the first time? State your answer in minutes rounded off to three decimal places.

3. An EE named Nguyen Li likes to study with scented candles burning. She has two new candles of different scents that have equal lengths but burn at different rates. One is consumed uniformly in four hours, the other uniformly in five hours. If she lights them at the same time, in how many hours will one candle be exactly three times as long as the other? State your answer as a reduced fraction.

4. The nation of Griddonesia consists of eighty-one equally-spaced islands represented by intersections of the lines in the grid below. Each island is connected to all its adjacent islands by horizontal and vertical bridges. There are no diagonal bridges.

Griddonesia has a presidential election this year. In the nation’s presidential politics there are exactly two parties, the Yins and the Yangs. In a presidential election, each eligible Griddonesian can vote for either the Yin or the Yang candidate. For each island, the candidate receiving the most popular votes on the island gets that island’s one electoral vote. The candidate with the most electoral votes then becomes president. For this year’s election, each island in Griddonesia has exactly 1001 eligible voters who might possibly vote.

a) The Yin candidate is the incumbent female president. To the nearest tenth, what is the largest percentage of popular votes that she can receive and still lose the election?

b) The male Yang candidate intends to campaign by car. He will begin and end at the center island with no interim stops there. Using only the bridges, he will proceed from island to island without going to any island more than once (other than the center island). What is the maximum number of islands (with the center one counted exactly once) on which the Yang challenger can campaign during this trip?

5. A small nanotech laboratory is housed in a 38-feet long, 20-feet wide, and 10-feet high rectangular room whose walls are kept “clean” by a tiny dust-eating robot. One morning the dustbug, as it’s called, sits halfway up a 20x10 end wall, 1 foot from the closest 38x10 side wall. On the opposite 20x10 end wall, halfway up and 1 foot from the other 38x10 side wall, lies a speck of dust. What is the shortest distance in feet that the dustbug can crawl along the room’s surfaces to reach this dust? Round off to two decimal places.

6. Five biomedical engineering students decide to meet in the lobby of Nedderman Hall at noon to discuss a class project. Each student, independent of the others, is equally likely to arrive between 11:52 a.m. and 12:04 p.m. What is the probability that at least 3 of the students arrive by noon? Express your answer as a reduced fraction.

7. A materials science student named Chen Feng has developed a new alloy called tico from the elements titanium and cobalt. He stacks 1000 one-inch cubes of tico into a perfect ten-inch cube. Obviously this stack forms 1000 one-inch cubes and 1 ten-inch cube. How many cubes of any size are contained in the 10 · 10 · 10 stack?

8. Civil engineers George and his wife Laura give a dinner for 5 other married couples. At least one person in each invited couple is acquainted with either George or Laura (or both). During the introductions, no one shakes hands with someone he or she has previously met (including his or her own spouse). After the introductions, Laura realizes that each of the other 11 people shook a different number of hands. Furthermore, no one shook the same person’s hand more than once, and no one shook his or her own hand. How many hands did George shake?

9. An orbiting astronaut, an AE graduate from UTA named Naresh, simultaneously fires two projectiles A and B along two straight-line trajectories forming an angle of 100 degrees. Assume that the projectiles instantaneously attain a constant velocity, with A traveling twice as fast as B. If they are separated by a distance of 334 miles after 4 minutes, how fast is B traveling in miles per hour to the nearest tenth?

10. One spring afternoon an environmental engineering student named Praveena takes her dog and flightless kiwi bird to Square Park, which has 100-meter sides. When she is ready to leave, it so happens that Praveena, her two pets, and a stray kitten are standing at the four corners of Square Park as shown in the figure below. Praveena sees her dog’s reaction to the kitten and begins running directly toward her dog. At that exact instant, the dog runs directly toward the kitten, the kitten runs directly toward the kiwi, and the kiwi runs directly toward Praveena for protection. Assume that Praveena, the dog, the kitten, and the kiwi instantaneously attain the same constant running speed. Hence, they reach the center of Square Park at precisely the same time, each following a curved path. How many meters does each run? Round off to two decimal places.

11. A CSE student has developed a program to randomly generate (x, y) points in the first quadrant of a Cartesian coordinate system. Determine the probability that such a randomly generated point lies below the curve y = e^x. In other words, what portion of the first quadrant lies below y = e^x? Round off to three decimal places.

12. Two fraternal twins Bob and Sue, both IE students, inherit a ranch from their West Texas grandfather. Both have taken engineering economy, so they decide to do some low-tech wheeling and dealing. They sell a herd of cattle and receive as many dollars for each animal as there are cattle in the herd. Using all the proceeds of the sale, they buy a flock of sheep at $10 a head and then a less expensive lamb with the rest of the money (less than $10). Finally, the twins divide up the sheep and the lamb between them. To equalize the twins’ net monetary gains, Bob gets an extra sheep, while Sue gets both the lamb and her brother’s calculator. What is the value of this calculator in dollars rounded off to the nearest cent?

13. (Remember, it’s a dirty dozen.) A chemical engineer is taking an EE course in information theory, where he’s currently studying codes. For a homework assignment he numerically encrypts a seven-word sentence in the following table.

5	88	23	8
53	95	16	8
62	18	73	60
16	1	18	15

Decode this message. If your answer is correct, you should know immediately.

“Mensa Brain Bafflers” – by Philip J. Carter & Ken A. Russell

“Mensa Brain Bafflers,” by Philip J. Carter & Ken A. Russell; Barnes & Noble Books; 2004; ISBN 0-7607-5481-0

[p.92] Where There is a Will there is a Way – An Old Lady left $33,333 to be divided equally among two fathers and two sons, and each was to receive $11,111. How was this possible?

[p.93] Calendice – Some calendars are very complex, but here is a very simple system which one can, by using just 12 faces, show all of the 31 days in the month. We show you 5 faces. Your task is to find the numbers that should go on the other 7 faces. See Figure 1.

“Mensa Brain Bafflers” – by Philip J. Carter & Ken A. Russell

“Mensa Brain Bafflers,” by Philip J. Carter & Ken A. Russell; Barnes & Noble Books; 2004; ISBN 0-7607-5481-0

[p.126] Dice – How many times on average must an ordinary six-sided die be tossed before every number from 1 to 6 comes up as least once?

[p.164] Unique Number – What is unique about the number 854,917,632?

[p.189] Dodecahedra – I have an infinite number of regular dodecahedra, indistinguishable in appearance from each other. I have pots of red and blue paint. If each face of each dodecahedron is to be painted red or blue, how many dodecahedra that are distinguishable from one another shall I be able to produce? Dodecahedron: a solid figure having twelve plane faces.

Thoughts on Being Happy

by History & Heraldry - http://www.historyheraldry.com/

History & Heraldry Ltd. in the United Kingdom has put out a terrific small book titled “Be Happy” that measures about 2 inches wide, 2 ¼ inches long, and only three-sixteenths inch thick (actual paper thickness). Published in 1999. I do not recall where I bought it, and I know some of our readers are looking for jobs. So I capture a number of the effective-to-the-point quotes herein.

The surest way to have happiness and peace of mind is to give them to somebody else.

Happiness is within but it does not get there by itself.

Happiness will never come to those who fail to appreciate what they have.

Happiness does not come from what you have but from what you are.

He who continually searches for happiness will never find it. Happiness is made, not found.

Two things contribute to happiness: what we can do without and what we can do with.

No one can define happiness. You have to be unhappy to understand it.

Money never did buy happiness; and credit cards aren’t doing much better.

Thoughts on Being Happy – cont’d

by History & Heraldry

It isn’t your position that makes you happy or unhappy. It’s your disposition.

Real happiness is cheap enough, yet we pay dearly for its counterfeit.

A lot of happiness is overlooked because it doesn’t cost anything.

For every minute you’re angry, you lose sixty seconds of happiness.

Happy is the man who renounces everything that puts a strain on his conscience.

Some people find happiness by making the most of what they don’t have.

Happiness is home brewed.

Happiness is a healthy mental attitude, a grateful spirit, a clear conscience, and a heart full of love.

Thoughts on Being Happy – cont’d

by History & Heraldry

All we are guaranteed is the pursuit of happiness. You have to catch up with it yourself.

So live that your memories will be part of your happiness.

If ignorance was bliss, we’d all be a lot happier.

Any person who looks happy when he isn’t is well on the road to success.

To love others makes us happy; to love ourselves makes us lonely.

Happiness adds and multiplies as we divide it with others.

Happiness is the conviction that we are loved in spite of ourselves.

To find happiness you must be willing to ignore what life owes you and think about what you owe life.

Thoughts on Being Happy – cont’d

by Editor by History & Heraldry

True Happiness may be sought, thought or caught – but never bought!

Freedom is the right all people have to be as happy as they can.

The place to be happy is here, the time to be happy is now, the way to be happy is to make others so.

Happiness is not perfected until it is shared with others.

To be happy, do not add to your possessions but subtract from your desires.

Happiness is where you find it and very seldom where you seek it.

It seems that some people can’t be happy unless they’re unhappy.

Happiness is a place somewhere between too much and too little.

Thoughts on Being Happy – cont’d

by Editor by History & Heraldry

Happiness is in the heart not the circumstances.

The plain facet is that human beings are happy only when they are striving for something worthwhile.

The surest path to happiness is in losing yourself in a cause greater than yourself.

Happiness is the result of being too busy to be miserable.

The man who gets along in the world is the one who can look cheerful and happy when he isn’t.

People whose main concern is their own happiness seldom find it.

The best way for a person to have happy thoughts is to count his blessings not his cash.

Wealth may not bring happiness, but it seems to bring a pleasant kind of misery.

DIRTY DOZEN PUZZLES - ANSWERS
copyright © 2002 by H.W. Corley

1. (e) All other answers give a contradiction.

2. 16.364. The time t satisfies t(6^o/minute) – t(0.5^o/minute) = 90^o.

3. 40/11 hours. Two equations in two unknowns yield the slower candle burning 8/11 of its length. Multiply that by 5 hours.

4. (a) 99.9 %. She gets all 1001 votes in 40 islands and loses 0-1 on the other 41.
(b) 80. The total number of bridges up from the center must equal the number down, and the number right must equal the number left. Hence an even number of bridges must be traversed. Since 81 bridges are needed to go through all 81 islands and end on the center, this many islands cannot be reached. However, it is easy to find a way to reach 80.

5. 50.00 feet. Unfold the room into the two-dimensional unfoldings that provide a surface for a line between the starting and ending points. For each, use the Pythagorean theorem to find the straight line between the two points. The shortest of the distance is the hypotenuse of a triangle with legs (5 + 20 + 5) and (1 + 38 + 1). The hypotenuse is then 50 feet. The dustbug can walk at angles from the end wall across a corner of the nearest side wall across the ceiling across a corner of the other side wall to the dust in a “straight” line of 50 feet.

6. 64/81. The probability of a student being on time is 2/3. Add the probabilities 10(2/3)³ (1/3)² + 5(2/3)⁴ (1/3)¹ + 1(2/3)⁵ (1/3)⁰.

7. 3025 = 10³+ 9³ + 8³ + … + 2³ + 1³.

8. 5. Number all except Laura as 0,1, … ,10 (the number of hands they shook). By elimination, 10 is married to 0, 9 to 1, etc.; and both Laura & George shook 5 apiece.

9. 2099.5 mph. Use the law of cosines for the distance, then divide by the time in hours.

10. 100.00 meters. The four runners always run at right angles to each other at some speed s meters per second. Hence, their positions always represent the four corners of a diminishing square that takes 100/s seconds to become a single point. The distance each runs is s(100/s) = 100. One can also integrate a parametric curve for arc length.

11. 1.000. Assume the randomly generated point lies within a square of side t with two sides along the axes and a vertex at the origin. Then by integration, the area within the square and below the curve is t2 + t – 1 – t(ln t). Divide by the total area t² and let t®¥ using l’Hospital’s rule.

12. $2.00. Let n be the number of cattle. Then n² is the number of dollars from the sale. The number of 10’s in n² is the number of sheep they bought. Since the sheep could not be divided equally, there was an odd number of 10’s in n². There are an infinite number of choices for such an n²: 16, 36, 196, 256, 576, 676, 1156, 1296, … , all of which end in the digit 6. This fact, which makes the answer unique without knowing n, could be proved or simply inferred from enough values of n. Thus the lamb costs $6, and Michael must compensate Sue with $2. He now has $8 from the sheep minus the calculator, and she has $8 from the lamb plus the calculator.

13. “Bravo, I am so smart and sharp.” As hinted by the nature of question 7 and by the student being a chemical engineer, each number represents the number of an element in the periodic table. Put the symbols in the table to give the following.

B	Ra	V	O
I	Am